پایان نامه بررسی پتانسیل ریز ازدیادی و باز زایی در تعدادی از ارقام زراعی و گونه های یک ساله یونجه

فهرست و منابع پایان نامه بررسی پتانسیل ریز ازدیادی و باز زایی در تعدادی از ارقام زراعی و گونه های یک ساله یونجه

فهرست:

فصل اول: کلیات

مقدمه .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

1-1- تاریخچه و خصوصیات گیاه شناسی یونجه................................................................................................................................................................3

1-1-1- اهمیت و گیاهشناسی یونجه....................................................................................................................................................................................3

1-1-2- ژنتیک و گروه‌های مختلف یونجه...........................................................................................................................................................................3

1-1-3- انواع یونجه زراعی داخلی .......................................................................................................................................................................................4

1-2- اهمیت کشت بافت..........................................................................................................................................................................................................4

1-3- کشت بافت گیاهی .........................................................................................................................................................................................................5

1- 4- تاریخچه کشت بافت یونجه..........................................................................................................................................................................................7

فصل دوم: بررسی ادبیات موضوع و سابقه تحقیق

2-1- باززایی درون شیشه­ای................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10

2-1-1- باززایی مستقیم در یونجه.......................................................................................................................................................................................10

2-1-2- باززایی غیرمستقیم در یونجه................................................................................................................................................................................13

فصل سوم: روش تحقیق

3-1- رقم مورداستفاده...........................................................................................................................................................................................................24

3-2- محیط کشت، ترکیبات و آماده سازی آن................................................................................................................................................................24

3-2-1- محلول­های ذخیره مواد معدنی برای تهیه محیط کشتSH  .......................................................................................................................34

3-2-2- محلول های ذخیره مواد تنظیم کننده رشد....................................................................................................................................................25

3-3- شرایط کشت، ضد عفونی بذر و کشت ریزنمونه­ها..................................................................................................................................................26

3-3-1- باززایی مستقیم  از گره ساقه.................................................................................................................................................................................26

3-3-2- سازگاری گیاهچه­ها..................................................................................................................................................................................................28

3-4- باززایی غیرمستقیم ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28

3- 5- روش و ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات..................................................................................................................................................................................30

3-6- روش آماری و تجزیه داده­ها.........................................................................................................................................................................................30

فصل چهارم: تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات

4-1- القاء جوانه و باززایی .....................................................................................................................................................................................................32

4-1-1- القاء جوانه در محیط کشت  SIM I......................................................................................................................................................................32

4-1-2- باززایی شاخساره در محیط کشت SIM I...........................................................................................................................................................35

4-1-3- القاء جوانه در محیط کشت  SIM II....................................................................................................................................................................37

4-1-4- باززایی شاخساره در محیط کشتSIM II  ........................................................................................................................................................40

4-1-5- اثر ژنوتیپ­های مختلف یونجه چند­ساله و یکساله در القاء جوانه و باززایی شاخساره در محیط کشت SIM I....................................43

4-1-5-1- اثر ژنوتیپ­های مختلف یونجه­های چند­ساله در القاء جوانه در محیط کشت  SIM I...........................................................................43

4-1-5-2- اثر ژنوتیپ­های مختلف یونجه­های یکساله در القاء جوانه در محیط کشت  SIM I..............................................................................43

4-1-5-3- اثر ژنوتیپ­های مختلف یونجه­ چند­ساله در باززایی شاخساره در محیط کشت  SIM I.......................................................................44

4-1-5-4- اثر ژنوتیپ­های مختلف یونجه­ یکساله در باززایی شاخساره در محیط کشت  SIM I..........................................................................45

4-1-6- اثر ژنوتیپ­های مختلف یونجه چند­ساله و یکساله در القاء جوانه و باززایی شاخساره در محیط کشتSIM II....................................45

4-1-6-1- اثر ژنوتیپ­های مختلف یونجه چندساله در القاء جوانه در محیط کشت SIM II..................................................................................45

4-1-6-2- اثر ژنوتیپ­های مختلف یونجه­ یکساله در القاء جوانه در محیط کشت  SIM II.....................................................................................46

4-1-6-3- اثر ژنوتیپ­های مختلف یونجه چند­ساله در باززایی شاخساره در محیط کشت  SIM II.....................................................................47

4-1-6-4- اثر ژنوتیپ­های مختلف یونجه یکساله در باززایی شاخساره در محیط کشت  SIM II.........................................................................47

4-2- ریشه­زایی........................................................................................................................................................................................................................48

4-2-1- ایجاد ریشه در یونجه­های چند­ساله......................................................................................................................................................................48

4-2-2- درصد ایجاد ریشه در یونجه­های چند­ساله..........................................................................................................................................................48

4-2-3- درصد ایجاد ریشه در یونجه­های یکساله..............................................................................................................................................................50

4-3- سازگاری و انتقال به شرایط گلخانه...........................................................................................................................................................................50

4-4- القاء کالوس در یونجه­های چند­ساله و یکساله.........................................................................................................................................................51

4-4-1- باززایی غیرمستقیم از کالوس یونجه.....................................................................................................................................................................52

فصل پنجم: نتیجه گیری و پیشنهادات

5-1- یونجه­های چند­ساله.......................................................................................................................................................................................................55

5-1-1- باززایی مستقیم ........................................................................................................................................................................................................55

5-1-1-1- القاء جوانه و باززایی شاخساره تحت تاثیر سطوح مختلف BAP و NAA ..............................................................................................55

5-1-1-2- القاء جوانه و باززایی شاخساره تحت تاثیر TDZ همراه با AgNO3 .........................................................................................................56

5-2- یونجه­های یکساله..........................................................................................................................................................................................................56

5-2-1- باززایی مستقیم ........................................................................................................................................................................................................56

5-2-1-1- القاء جوانه و باززایی شاخساره تحت تاثیر سطوح مختلف BAP و NAA ..............................................................................................56

5-2-1-2- القاء جوانه و باززایی شاخساره تحت تاثیر TDZ همراه با AgNO3...........................................................................................................57

5-3- باززایی غیر مستقیم در یونجه­های چند­ساله و یکساله..........................................................................................................................................59

5-4- نتیجه گیری و پیشنهادات...........................................................................................................................................................................................60

فهرست منابع و ماخذ.............................................................................................................................................................................................................61

چکیده انگلیسی.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................

منبع:

آزادی، پ؛ باقری، ه :(1382)،اصلاح گیاهان با استفاده از کشت درون شیشه‌ای. ( ت‍‍‍‍‍‍ألیف تاجی ، اکرم ، پی . پرکاش ، کومار ،لاکشمان .پرکاش).انتشارات دانشگاه بوعلی سینا.چاپ اول.188 ص

آمارنامه . وزارت جهاد کشاورزی. :(1388)،جلد دوم.

بلوچی، ح. ر؛ مدرس ثانوی، س.ع.م.؛ علیزاده، ب: (1387). عوامل مؤثر بر دوره رکود و جوانه زنی دو گونه یونجه یکساله، مجله زیست شناسی ایران ، جلد 21 ، شماره2.ص270-261.

حیدری شریف آباد،ح ؛ ترک نژاد، ا: ( 1379). یونجه‌های یکساله. انتشارات مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگل‌ها و مراتع. چاپ اول. ص 167 .

رفیعی، گ؛ امیدی، م؛ ولی زاده، م؛ باغبان، ب؛ خسروشاهی، م:  1384،" کشت سوسپانسیون و بررسی جنین­زایی در چند رقم یونجه ایرانی " (Medicago sativa)،چهارمین همایش ملی بیوتکنولوژی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، کرمان

عادلی مسبب، ف: 1378،" نقش کشت بافت در توسعه کشاورزی ".رویان : مجله نوین کشاورزی

عسکری، ح؛ صفرنژاد، ع؛ کاظمی تبار، س.ک؛ حمیدی، ح: 1382، "بررسی افزایش تحمل یونجه(Medicago sativa L.)  در برابر خشکی با استفاده از تنوع سوماکلونال"، فصلنامه پژوهشی تحقیقات ژنتیک و اصلاح گیاهان مرتعی و جنگلی ایران جلد 12 شماره 2، ص130-117

قوامی، ف؛ رضایی، ع؛ ارزانی، ا؛ عبدمیشانی، س: 1377،" بررسی تنوع الگوهای الکتروفورتیک  پروتئین­های ذخیره­ای دانه در ماش". چکیده مقالات پنجمین کنگره زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران. کرج.

مجله اینترنتی کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی شمیز

Akasaka-Kennedy Y, Yoshida H, Takahata Y (2005). Efficient plant regeneration from leaves of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): the influence of AgNO3 and genotype, Plant Cell Rep 24, 649–654

Alam MJ, Alam I, Sharmin SA, Rahman MM, Anisuzzaman M, Alam MF (2010). Micropropagation and antimicrobial activity of Operculina turpethum (syn. Ipomoea turpethum), an endangered medicinal plant, POJ 3(2):40-46

Al-Khayri JM, Al-Bahrany AM (2004). Genotypedependent in vitro response of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars to silver nitrate, Sci Hortic-Amsterdam 99 (2): 153–162

Amin,  M.N., Shahrear, A., Sultana, S., Alam, M.R. and Azad, M.A.K.( 2002). In vitro rapid clonal propagation of an ornamental plant – Ixora fulgens Roxb, Online Journal of Biological Sciences 2 (7): 485 – 488

Anantasaran J, Kanchanapoom K (2008). Influence of medium formula and silver nitrate on in vitro plant regeneration of zinnia cultivars, Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 30 (1): 1–6

Babaoglu,  M. & Yorgancilar, M. (2000). TDZ-specific plant regeneration in salad burnet, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 440: 31–34

Barakat, M. N.,  Milad, S., and Khadr, F. H. (1993). Screening Alfalfa for Regeneration Capacity, J. King Saud Univ. Vol.5.Agric. Sci. (2),pp237-249.

Barna, K.S. and A.K. Wakhlu. (1995). Effect of thidiazuron on micropropagation of rose, In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 31: 44-45

Benniaamin, A.,Manickam, V.S., Jhonsan, M. and Joseph, L.H. (2004). Micropropagation of Crateaeva magna (Lour) DC-A medicinal plant, IndianJournal of Biotechnology 3: 136 – 138.

Beyer EM (1976). A potent inhibitor of ethylene action in plants, Plant Physiol 58 (3): 268–271

Bonnin, I., Prosperi, J.M., and Olivieri, I., (1997).  Comparison of Quantitative Genetic Parameters Between Two Natural Population of Selfing Plant Species Medicago truncatula Gaertn, Theor. Appl. Genet., vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 641–651

Chen CC, Chen SJ, Sagare AP, Tsay HS (2001). Adventitious shoot regeneration from stem internode explants of Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A. DC. (Campanulaceae) -An important medicinal herb, Bot Bull Acad Sin 42: 1–7

Chi GL, Barfield DG, Sim GE, Pua EC (1990). Effect of silver nitrate and aminoethoxyvinylglycine on in vitro shoot and root organogenesis from seedling explants of recalcitrant Brassica genotypes, Plant Cell Rep 9: 195– 198

Chin-Yi LU (1993). The use of thidiazuron in tissue culture, In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol 29P: 92–96

Cline MG (1996). Exogenous auxin effects on lateral bud outgrowth in decapitated shoots, Ann Bot 78:255–266

Cogbill S, Faulcon T, Jones G, McDaniel M, Harmon G, Blackmon R, Young M (2010). Adventitious shoot regeneration from cotyledonary explants of rapid-cycling fast plants of Brassica rapa L., Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 101:127–133

Dai Y, Wang H, Li B, Huang J, Liu X, Zhou Y, Mou Z, Li J (2006). Increased expression of mapkinase kinase causes deficiency in polar auxin transport and leads to plant architectural abnormality in Arabidopsis, Plant Cell 18:308–320

Duque,  A.S., Pires, A.S., Santos, D.M.D., Fevereiro, P (2006). Efficient somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from long-term cell suspenpion cultures of Medicago Truncatlula cv. Jemalong, In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.—Plant 42:270–273

Faure O, Diemer F, Moja S & Jullien F (1998). Mannitol and thidiazuron improve in vitro shoot regeneration from spearmint and peppermint leaf disks, Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 52: 209–212

Gamborg OL, Miller RA, Ojima K (1968). Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells, Exp Cell Res 50:151–158

Hidson, S., Mcelroy, A.R., Portelance, C (1998). Media and genotype effects on the development and conversion of somatic Alfafa (Medicago sativa L.) embtyos,In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant 34:181-184

Hosokawa K, Nakano M, Oikawa Y & Yamamura S (1998). Adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf, stem and root explants of commercial cultivars of Gentiana, Plant Cell Rep. 15(8): 578–581

Hosseini-Nasr M, Rashid A (2003). Thiadiazuron-induced high frequency shoot regeneration from root region of Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedlings, Biol PLANTARUM 47: 591–596

Hussain Shah, S., Wainwright, S.J. and Merrett, M. J. (2003). Regeneration and Somaclonal Variation in Medicago sativa and Medicago media, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 6(9):816-820 .

Hutchinson MJ, Saxena PK (1996). Acetylsalicylic acid enhances and synchronizes thidiazuron-induced somatic embryogenesis in geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey) tissue culture, Plant Cell Rep 15: 512–515

Iantcheva A, Brown S, Atanassov A (2003). Flow cytometric analysis in diploid medicago species from algeria: Relationship between genome size and competence for direct somatic embryo formation, Biotechnol. & Biotechnol., 17(2): 44-49

Iantcheva A, Vlahova M, Atanassov A (2005a). Investigation of the potential of two wild medicago species–medicago orbicularis and medicago arabica for in vitro callusogenesis and direct organogenesis, Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq 19(3): 27–31

Iantcheva A, Vlahova M, Bakalova E, Kondorosi E, Elliott MC, Atanassov A (1999). Regeneration of diploid annual medics via direct somatic emberyogenesis promoted by thidiazuron and benzylaminopurine, Plant Cell Rep 18:904–910

Iantcheva,  A., Slavov,  S., Prinsen, E., Vlahova, M., Onckelen,  H.V., Atanassov, A. (2005b). Embryo induction and regeneration from root explants of Medicago truncatula after osmotic pre-treatment, Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 81:37–43

Iantcheva, A., Vlahova, M., Atanassov, A. (2005c). Somatic Embryogenesis in Genera Medicago: an Overview, Plant Cell Monogr (2):285-304

Ibragimova, S.S. and Smolenskaya, S.E., (1997). Plant Regeneration from Seedling Apex in Annual Medics, Acta Agron. Hung, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 109–117.                       

Kanyad, M., Dessai, A.P., Prakash, C.S. (1994). Thidiazuron promotes high frequency regeneration of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) plants in vitro, Plant Cell Rep. 14: 1-5

Kao, K. N., Michanayluk, M.R. (1981). Embryoid formation in alfalfabcell suspension cultures from different plants, In Vitro Vol. 17, No. 7, 645-648

Kepczyn. E., Sylwia. S., Zielin.´s. (2006). Regulation of Medicago sativa L. somatic embryos regeneration by gibberellin A3 and abscisic acid in relation to starch content and a-amylase ativity, Plant Growth Regul, 49:209–217

Khawar KM, Sancak C, Uranbey S, Zca S (2004). Effect of thidiazuron on shoot regeneration from different explants of lentil (lens culinaris medik.) via organogenesis, Turk J Bot 28: 421–426

Kim MK, Sommer HE, Bongarten BC, Merkle SA (1997). High frequency induction of adventitious shoots from hypocotyl segments of Liquidambar styraciflua L. by thidiazuron, Plant Cell Rep 16: 536–540

Kulkarni, A.A., Thengane, S.R. and Krishnamurthy, K.V. (2000). Direct shoot regeneration from node, internode, hypocotyls and embryo explants of Withania Somnifera, Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 62(3): 203 - 209.

Li JJ, Wu YM, Wang T, Liu JX (2009). In vitro direct organogenesis and regeneration of Medicago sativa, Biol PLANTARUM 53 (2): 325–328

Luo CY (1993). The use of thidiazuron in tissue culture, In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Pl 29: 92–96

Malik AK& Saxena PK (1992).Thidiazuron induces high-frequency shoot regeneration in intact seedlings of pea (Pisum sativum), chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and lentil (Lens culinaris), Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 19: 731–40

Malik, K.A. Saxena, P.K. (1992). Regeneration in Phaseolus vulgaris L.: High frequency induction of direct shoot formation in intact seedlings by N6-benzylaminopurine and thidiazuron, Planta 186: 384-389

Mallikarjuna K, Rajendrudu, G (2007). High frequency in vitro propagation of Holarrhena antidysenterica from nodal buds of mature tree, Biol Plant 51: 525–529

Mehra, P.N and Cheema, G.S. (1980). Clonal multiplication in vitro of Himalayan Poplar (Populus ciliata), Phytomorphology 30: 336 – 343.

Michaud, R., W.F. Lehman and M.D. Runbaugh. (1988). World distribution and historical development. In Alfalfa and alfalfa improvement. Agronomy Monograph 29, (ed. AA Hanson, DK Barnes and RR Hill), pp. 25–92. Madison, USA.

Mohamed SV, Sung JM, Jeng TL, Wang CS (2006). Organogenesis of Phaseolus angularis L.: high efficiency of adventitious shoot regeneration from etiolated seedlings in the presence of N6-benzylaminopurine and thidiazuron, Plant Cell Tiss Org 86 (2): 187–199

Mohiuddin AKM, Chowdhury MKU, Zaliha CA, Suhaimi N (1997). Influence of silver nitrate (ethylene inhibitor) on cucumber in vitro shoot regeneration, Plant Cell Tiss Org 51: 75–78

Moltrasio, R., Robredo, C. G. , Gomez, M. C., DiazPaleo, A. H., Diaz, D.G., Rios, R.D.,Franzone, P. M. (2004). Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)somatic embryogenesis :genetic controland introduction of favourable alleles into elite Argentinean germplasm, PlantCell,Tissue and Organ Culture 77: 119–124.

Monteiro M, Appezzato-da-Gloria B, Valarini MJ, Oliveira CAd, Vieira MLC (2003). Plant regeneration from protoplasts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) via somatic embryogenesis, Scientia Agricola, 60 (4): 683-689.

Murashige T, Skoog F (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures, Physiol Plant 15:473–476

Naik SK, Pattnaik S, Chand PK (2000). In vitro propagation of pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. Ganesh) through axillary shoots proliferation from nodal segments of mature tree, Scientia Hort 79: 175–183

Neves, L.O., Tomaz, L., Feveriro, M.P.S. (2001). Micropropagation of Medicago truncatula Gaertn. cv. Jemalong and Medicago truncatula ssp. Narbonensis, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 67: 81–84

Ninković, S., Miljuš-Djukić, J., Nešković, M. (1995). Genetic transformation of alfalfa somatic embryos and their clonal propagation through repetitive somatic embryogenesis, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 42:225-260

Noaman, M.M., Ahmad, E. (2004). Development of Alfafa tolerant to salinity stress using organogenesis technique, Biotechnology,3(2):136-139

Nolan KE, Rose RJ, Gorst JR (1989). Regeneration of Medicago truncatula from tissue culture increased somatic embryogenesis using explants from regenerated plants, Plant Cell Rep 8:278–281

Okumura,  K., Oosawa, K., Nakashima, K. (1991).  A new culture system with agar-liqid sequential media for the development of somatic embryos in alfalfa(medicago sativa L.), Bull. Natl. Grassel. Res. Inst. No.45:53-59

Ozden-Tokatli, Y., Ozudogru, E.A., Akcin, A. (2005). In vitro response of pistachio nodal explants to silver nitrate, Sci. Hort., 106: 415-426.

Patnaik J, Debata BK (1996). Micropropagation of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. through axillary bud culture, Plant Cell Rep 15: 427–430

Punyarani K, Sharma GJ (2010). Micropropagation of Costus speciosus (Koen.) using nodal segment culture, Not Sci Biol 2 (1): 58–62

Reisch, B., and Bingham, E.T., (1980). The genetic control of formation from callus cultures of diploid alfalfa, Plant Sci. Leu. 20:71-77

Safdari Y, Kazemitabar SK (2010). Direct shoot regeneration, callus induction and plant regeneration from callus tissue in Mose Rose (Portulaca grandiflora L.), POJ 3(2):47-51

Sahoo Y, Chand PK (1998) In vitro multiplication of medical herb Tridax procumbens L. (Mexican daisy, coat button) influence of explanting season, growth regulator, synergy, culture passage and passing substrate, Phytomorphology 48: 195–205

Sajid ZA, Aftab F (2009). Effect of thidiazuron (TDZ) on in vitro micropropagation of solanum tuberosum l. cvs. desiree and cardinal, Pak J Bot 41(4): 1811–1815

Samac, D.A. and Temple, S.J. (2004). Development and utilization of transformation in Medicago Species. In Lianh, G.H. and Skinner, D.Z. (eds). Genetically Modified Crops: Their Development, Uses and Risks, Food Products Press, New York, pp. 165-195.

Scarpa, G.M., Pupilli, F., Damiani, F., and Arcioni, S., (1993). Plant Regeneration from Callus and Protoplast in Medicago polymorpha, Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., vol. 35, pp. 49–57.

Shao, C.Y., ussinova, E.R., Iantcheva, A., Atanassov, A., McCormac, A. , Chen, D.F. , Elliott, M.C. , Slater. A., (2000). Rapid transformation and regeneration of alfalfa (Medicago falcata L.)via direct somatic embryogenesis, PlantGrowthRegulation 31: 155–166.

Sharon, Madhuri and D’Souza, M.C. (2000). In vitro clonal propagation of annatto (Bixa orellana L.), Curr. Sci. 78: 1532 - 1534.

Sivanesan I, Jeong BR (2007). Direct shoot regeneration from nodal explants of Sida cordifolia Linn, In Vitro Cell Dev- Pl 43:436–441

Smolenskaya, S.A., Ibragimova, S.S. (2002). Restorative Morphogenesis in vitro in the Annual Medics in the Presence of Benzylaminopurine, Russian Journal of Developmental Biology 33 (6): 349–354

Sunil B, Abdullah JO, Sreeramanan S, Karuthan C (2009). Shoots Induction from Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis Nodal Explant Using N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), Res J Agr Biol Sci 5(4): 403–410

Svetoslavova, G., Vlahova, M., Iantcheva, A., Atanassov, A. (2005). High frequency plant regeneration of diploid Medicago Coerulea through somatic embryogenesis, Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq.57-61

Takamizo, T., Suginobu, K.I., Ohsugi, R.(1991). Somatic embryogenesis in a recalcitrant cultivar of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in an improved medium, Bull. Natl. Grassl. Res. Inst. 44:15-22

Thiruvengadam M, Rekha KT, Yang CH, Jayabalan N, Chung IM (2010). High-frequency shoot regeneration from leaf explants through organogenesis in bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.), Plant Biotechnol Rep 4: 321– 328

Thomas, T.D. (2003). Thidiazuron induced multiple shoot induction and plant regeneration from cotyledonay explants of mulberry, Biol. Plant. 46: 529-533.

Tian, L., Brown, D.C.W., Watson, E (2002). Continuous long-term somatic embryogenesis in alfalfa, In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.—Plant 38:279–284

Uddin, M.S., Nasirujjaman, K., Zaman, S. and Reza, M.A. (2005). Regeneration of multiple shoots from different explants viz. Shoot tip, Nodal segment and Cotyledonary node of in vitro grown seedlings of Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K. Heyne. Biotechnology 4 (1): 35 - 38

Uliaie ED, Farsi M, Ghreyazie B, Imani J (2008) Effects of genotype and AgNO3  on shoot regeneration in winter cultivars of rapeseed (Brassica napus), Pak J Biol Sci 11(16): 2040–2043

Uranbey S (2005). Thidiazuron induced adventitious shoot regeneration in henbane (Hyoscyamus niger L.), Biol Plant 49 (3): 427–430

Vance, C.P., Johnson, L.E.B., Boylan, K.L.M. (1984). Tissue Cultures Derived from Ineffective Root Nodules of Alfalfa, Callus initiation and enzymic comparisions, Plant Physiol. 76: 984-988

Veronesi, F., C. Brummer and C. Huyghe. (2010). Alfalfa, Springer Sci. 395-436.

Walton, P.D., Brown, D.C.W. (1988).  Screening of Medicago wild speceies for callus formation and the genetics of somatic embryogenesis, J. Genet. Vol. 67, No.2, pp.95-100

Xiaochun, M., Yuexue, Zh., Hailing, Zh., Chen, Sh., Jikai, L., Xiangling, X., (2010). Alfalfa Establishment of in vitro Regeneration System of Zhaodong Alfalfa and Pleven6, Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 26(13):47-52

Zare N, Valizadeh M, Tohidfar M, Mohammadi SA, Malboobi MA, Habashi AA (2009).  Selection of regenerative genotypes from Iranian alfalfa cultivars, J Food Agric Environ 7 (3&4): 567–572

Zhang P, Phansiri S, Puonti-Kaerlas J (2001). Improvement of cassava shoots organogenesis by the use of silver nitrate  in vitro, Plant Cell Tiss Org 67: 45–54

Zhang, H., H. Qi-man and S. Jin ( 2010). Development of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Regeneration System and Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation, Agricultural Sciences in China. 9: 170-178.

Zhu, YP, Sheaffer CC, Barnes, DK, Zhu YP (1996). Forage yield and quality of six annual Medigaco species in the north central USA, Agron J 88: 955–960

.