فهرست و منابع پایان نامه تأثیر ارقام مختلف لوبیا روی پارامترهای جدول زندگی و فعالیت برخی آنزیم¬های گوارشی کرم غوزه¬ی پنبه
فهرست:
فصل اول مقدمه
-1- مقدمه ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2
1-2- کرم غوزهی پنبه H. armigera ........................................................................................................................... 6
1-2-1- جایگاه H. armigera در ردهبندی حشرات .................................................................................................. 6
1-2-2- مناطق انتشار کرم غوزهی پنبه........................................................................................................................... 6
1-2-3- دامنهی میزبانی و نحوهی خسارت H. armigera ....................................................................................... 6
1-3- برخی از روشهای کنترل H. armigera ........................................................................................................... 7
1-3-1- کنترل زراعی ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
1-3-2- آفتکشهای بیولوژیک ................................................................................................................................... 7
1-3-3- کنترل شیمیایی .................................................................................................................................................. 8
1-3-4- استفاده از ارقام مقاوم ........................................................................................................................................ 8
1-4- پارامترهای دموگرافیکی H. armigera روی هفت رقم لوبیا و مرور پژوهشهای انجام شده .......................9
1-5- دستگاه گوارشی حشرات ..................................................................................................................................... 11
1-6- اسیدیتهی دستگاه گوارش در حشرات ............................................................................................................... 12
1-7- آنزیمهای گوارشی در حشرات ............................................................................................................................ 12
1-7-1- آنزیمهای گوارشی پروتئاز .............................................................................................................................. 13
1-7-2- آنزیم های گوارشی آمیلاز ............................................................................................................................ 13
1-7-3- مرور پژوهشهای انجام شده در زمینهی فعالیت آنزیمهای گوارشی پروتئاز و آمیلاز ...............................14
فصل دوم مواد و روشها
2-1- تهیه و کاشت ارقام مختلف لوبیا ........................................................................................................................ 16
2-2- پرورش آزمایشگاهی H. armigera ................................................................................................................ 16
2-3- اندازهگیری پارامترهای زیستی H. armigera ............................................................................................... 20
2-3-1- جدول زندگی ................................................................................................................................................... 20
2-3-1-1- جدول زندگی تک جنسی ......................................................................................................................... 20
2-3-1-2- جدول زندگی دو جنسی ............................................................................................................................ 23
2-4- سنجش فعالیت آنزیمهای گوارشی .................................................................................................................... 25
2-4-1- تهیهی عصارهی آنزیمی از رودهی میانی لارو H. armigera ................................................................. 25
2-4-2- تهیهی بافر ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
2-4-3- سنجش فعالیت پروتئازی ............................................................................................................................... 27
2-11- سنجش فعالیت آمیلازی .................................................................................................................................. 27
2-5- تجزیه آماری دادهها ............................................................................................................................................. 28
2-13- تجزیه کلاستر فعالیت آنزیمهای گوارشی رودهی میانی لارو H. armigera ........................................... 29
فصل سوم نتایج
3-1- پارامترهای زیستی H. armigera روی هفت رقم لوبیا ............................................................................ 31
3-1-1- طول دورهی مراحل زیستی نابالغ .................................................................................................................. 31
3-1-2- طول دورهی تخمریزی، باروری روزانه و باروری کل .................................................................................. 33
3-1-3- طول عمر و طول دورهی زندگی حشرات کامل و نسبت جنسی ................................................................ 35
3-1-4- پارامترهای جدول زندگی ................................................................................................................................ 36
3-1-4-1- پارامترهای جدول زندگی به دست آمده از جدول زندگی تک جنسی (Female-based life table)39
3-1-4-2- پارامترهای جدول زندگی به دست آمده از جدول زندگی دو جنسی (Age-stage, two-sex life table) 39
3-1-5- پارامترهای تولیدمثلی ...................................................................................................................................... 47
3-1-6- پارمترهای رشد جمعیت (حاصل از جدول زندگی تک جنسی و دو جنسی) .............................................. 48
3-2- تعیین فعالیت آنزیمی ........................................................................................................................................... 52
3-2-1- فعالیت پروتئولیتیکی لاروهای H. armigera ....................................................................................... 52
3-2-2- فعالیت آمیلولیتیکی لاروهای H. armigera ......................................................................................... 52
3-3- تجزیه کلاستر پارامترهای زیستی و فعالیت آنزیمهای گوارشی عصارهی رودهی میانی لاروهای H. armigera 55
فصل چهارم بحث
4-1- پارامترهای زیستی H. armigera روی ارقام مختلف لوبیا ............................................................................ 57
4-1-1- دورهی رشدی قبل از بلوغ ............................................................................................................................. 57
4-1-2- دوره تخم ریزی و میزان باروری و طول عمر حشرات بالغ H. armigera .............................................. 58
4-1-3- پارامترهای تولیدمثلی H. armigera ......................................................................................................... 59
4-1-4- جدول زندگی (پارامترهای رشد جمعیت) تک جنسی و دوجنسی .............................................................. 61
4-2- تعیین فعالیت آنزیمی H. armigera روی ارقام مختلف لوبیا ...................................................................... 64
4-2-1- فعالیت پروتئولیتیک کل .................................................................................. 65
4-2-2- فعالیت آمیلولیتیک کل .................................................................................................................................. 66
4-3- تجزیه کلاستر پارامترهای زیستی و فعالیت آنزیمهای گوارشی پروتئاز کل و آمیلاز H. armigera ...67
4-4- نتیجهگیری نهایی ................................................................................................................................................ 68
4-5- پیشنهادات ............................................................................................................................................................ 69
منابع. ................................................................................................................................................................................ 70
.
منبع:
- ارقند، اکرم، 1390، مقایسهی پارامترهای زیستی Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) روی هیبریدهای مختلف ذرت، پایان نامهی کارشناسی ارشد حشره شناسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل.
2- ایزدبار، سودابه، بیات اسدی، هوشنگ، 1372، مقایسه 3 فرمول غذایی مصنوعی مختلف جهت پرورش آزمایشگاهی کرم غوزهی پنبه Heliothis armigera، خلاصه مقالات یازدهمین کنگره گیاهپزشکی ایران، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت. صص307.
3- بخشوده، محمد، 1382، بررسی تجربه کشورها در تنطیم بازار محصولات کشاورزی، مؤسسه پژوهشهای برنامهریزی و اقتصاد کشاورزی، تهران.
4- جوانمقدم، هوشنگ، علوی، جلیل، تقیزاده، محمد، 1381، بررسی چند حشرهکش برای کنترل کرم غوزه پنبه، پانزدهمین کنگرهی گیاهپزشکی ایران، کرمانشاه،صص 58-59.
5- خانجانی، محمد، 1386، آفات سبزی و صیفی ایران، چاپ سوم، همدان: انتشارات دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان.
6- خنامانی، مصطفی، 1390، تأثیر ارقام مختلف بادمجان بر پارامترهای زیستی کنه تارتن دو لکهای Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) و کنهی شکارگر Typhlodromus bagdasarjani (Acari: Phytoseiidae)، پایان نامهی کارشناسی ارشد حشره شناسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران.
- درویش مجنی، تقی، بیات اسدی، هوشنگ و نوری قنبلانی، قدیر، 1379، شناسایی گونههای کرم غوزه و تعیین درصد فراوانی آنها بر روی میزبانهای مهم در استان گلستان، خلاصه مقالات چهاردهمین کنگره گیاه پزشکی ایران، اصفهان.
8- سامدلیری مرتضی، سید شریفی، رئوف، اسماعیلپور، بهروز، 1389، زراعت حبوبات، چاپ اول، چالوس: انتشارات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی چالوس.
9- غفاری خلیق، ح ، 1379، پراکنش لوبیا در ایران، نشریه ترویجی، مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، بخش تحقیقات حبوبات، نشر آموزش، ص 11.
10- فرید، احمد، 1365، مطالعهی کرم غوزهی پنبه Heliothis armigera (Hüb.) روی گوجهفرنگی در جیرفت و کهنوج، آفات و بیماریهای گیاهی، چاپ ، : انتشارات جلد54، ص 15-24.
11- قاسمی یزدی، کمال، فائز، روح الله، 1381، تعیین خصوصیات مرفولوژیکی موثر در مقاومت پنبه به کرم غوزه Helicoverpa armigera، پانزدهمین کنگرهی گیاهپزشکی ایران، کرمانشاه، صفحه 55.
12- کافی، ، زند، ، کامکار، ، شریفی، ، گلدانی، ، 1379، فیزیولوژی گیاهی، چاپ ، مشهد: انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی مشهد.
13- مجنون حسینی، ن ، 1375، حبوبات در ایران، چاپ ، تهران: انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی دانشگاه تهران. ص240.
14- همتی، سید علی، 1390، تأثیر گیاهان میزبان مختلف روی شاخصهای تغذیهای و فعالیت برخی آنزیمهای گوارشی کرم غوزهی پنبهHelicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) ، پایان نامهی کارشناسی ارشد حشره شناسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل.
15.Ali, A., Choudhury, R. A., Ahmad, Z., Rahman, F., Khan, F. R. and Ahmad, S. K. 2009. Some biological characteristics of Helicoverpa armigera on chickpea. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection. 4: 99-106.
16. Applebaum, S.W. 1985. Biochemistry of Digestion. In: Kerkut, G.A., Gilbert, L.I. (Eds.), Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Volume 4, Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 279-311.
17. Argand A., Naseri B., Razmjou J., Rahimi Namin F. 2013. Comparative biological parameters of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) on various corn hybrids. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, (In Press).
18. Awmack, C.S., Leather, S.R. 2002. Host plant quality and fecundity in herbivorous insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 47: 817-844.
19. Bernfeld P. 1955. Amylase, a., and b. Methods in Enzymology, 1: 149-154.
20. Bernys, E.A.,Chapman, R.F. 1994. Host-Plant Selection by Phytophagous Insects, New York, Chapman and Hall.
21. Borah, S.R., Dutta, S.K. 2002. Biology of gram podborer , Helicoverpa armigera (Hub) on pigeon pea. Journal of the Agricultural Science Society of North East India, 15: 34-37.
22. Buonocore, V., Poerio, E., Silano, V. and Tomasi, M. 1976. physical and catalytic properties of alpha- amylase from Tenebrio molitor L. larvae. Biochemistry Journal, 153: 621-625.
23. Carey J.R. 2001. Insect biodemography. Annual Review of Entomology, 46: 79-110.
24. Chen, J.L., Sun, J.R., Ding, H.J., Ni, H.X. and Li, X.F. 1997. The resistance types and bio-chemical mechanism of major aphid resistance wheat. Acta Entomolgical Sinica. 40: 190–195.
25. Chi, H. and Liu, H. 1985. Two new methods for the study of insect population ecology. Bulletin of the Institute Zoology, Academia Sinica, 24: 225-240.
26. Chi, H., 1988. Lifetable analysis incorporating both sexes and variable development rate among individuals. Environmental Entomology, 17: 26-34.
27. Chi, H. and Yang, T.C. 2003. Two sex life table and predation rate of Propylaea japonica Thunberg (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomology, 32: 327-333.
28. Chi, H. and Su, H.Y. 2006. Age-stage, two-sex life tables of Aphidius gifuensis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its host Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) with mathematical proof of the relationship between female fecundity and the net reproductive rate. Environmental Entomology, 35: 10–21.
29. Chi H. 2008. TWOSEX-MSChart: a computer program for the age-stage, two-sex life table analysis. http:/140.120.197.173/Ecology/.
30. Clark, T.M. 1999. Evolution and adaptive significance of larval midgut alkalization in the insect superorder Mecopterida. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 25: 1946-1960.
31. Deka, N.K., Prasad, D., Chand, P. 1987. Succession and incidence of insect pests in chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. Giornale Italiano di Entomologia, 3: 421-428.
32. Elpidina E.N., Vinokurov K.S., Gromenko V.A., Rudenshaya Y.A., Dunaevsky Y.E. and Zhuzhikov D.P. 2001. Compartmentalization of proteinases and amylases in Nauphoeta cinerea midgut. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 48: 206-216.
33. Eischen, F. and Dietz, A. 1987. Growth and survival of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae fed diets containing honey bee-collected plant resins. Annals of the Entomological society of America, 80: 74-77.
34. Eisenthal, R., Danson, M.J. 2002. Enzyme assays, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 282 pp.
35. Endo, N., Hirakawa, I., Wada, T., Tojo, S. 2007. Induced resistance to the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in three soybean cultivars. Applied Entomology and Zoology,42: 199-204.
36. Fallahnejad Mojarrad, N., Fathipour, Y., Kamali, K. and Naseri, B. 2011. Life table parameters of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae ) on cowpea and different chickpea cultivars. Global Conference on Entomology. Chiang Mai, Thailand.
37. Fallahnejad-Mojarrad, N., Fathipour, Y., Kamali, k. and Naseri, B. 2012. The effect of seeds of different chickpea and cowpea cultivars on digestive proteolytic activity of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Journal of Entomological Society of Iran
38. Farhadi, R., Allahyari, H. and Chi, H. 2011. Life table and predation capacity of Hippodamia variegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Biological Control, 59: 83-89.
39. Farid, A. 1986. Study of bollworm Heliothis armigera (Hübner) on tomato in Jyroft and Kahnuj. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 54: 15-24
40. Fathipour, Y. and Naseri, B. 2011. Soybean cultivars affecting performance of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). pp. 599-630 in Ng, T.B. (Ed) Soybean - Biochemistry, Chemistry and Physiology, 642 pp. In Tech, Rijeka, Croatia.
41. Fitt, G.P. 1989. The ecology of Heliothis in relation to agroecosystems. Annual Review Entomology, 34: 17-52.
42- Fitt, G. P. 2000. An Australian approach to IPM in cotton: integrating new technologies to minimize insecticide dependence. Crop Protection, 19: 793-800.
43. Gatehouse, J.A. and Gatehouse, A.M.R. 1999 Genetic engineering of plants for insect resistance. pp. 211-241 in Rechcigl, J. E. and Rechcigl, N.A. (Eds) Biological and Biotechnological Control of Insect Pest, CRC Press, USA.
44. Gilbert, N., Raworth, D.A. 1996. Insect and temperature, a general theory. Canadian Entomologist, 128: 1-13.
45. Giri, A.P., Kachole, M.V. 1998. Amylase inhibitors of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seeds. Phytochemistry, 47: 197–202.
46. Goyal, S.P., Rathore, V.S. 1988. Patterns of insect-plant relationship determining susceptibility of different hosts to Heliothis armigera (Hübner). Indian Journal of Entomology, 50: 193-201.
47. Graham. P.H., Ranalli, P. 1997. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Field Crops
Research, 53:131-146.
48. Gunning, R.V., Easton C.S., Greenup, L.R., Edge V.E. 1984. Pyrethroid resistance in Heliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia. Journal of Economic Entomology, 77: 1283-1287.
49. Hagley, E.AC. and Barber, D.R. 1992. Effect of food sources on the longevity and fecundity of Pholetesor ornigis (weed) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Canadian Entomologist, 124: 341-346.
50. Hamilton, A.J., Endersby, N.M., Ridland, P.M., Zhang, J., Neal, M. 2005. Effects of cultivar on oviposition preference, Larval feeding and development time of diamondback moth, Pluttela xylostella (L.) (Lpidoptera: plutellidae), on some Brassica oleracea vegetables in Victoria. Aust. J Entomol., 44: 284-287.
51. Hilder, V.A., Gatehouse, A.M.R., Boulter, D. 1992.Transgenic plants conferring insect tolerance: protease inhibitor approach. In: Transgenic plants, Kung, S. and Wu, R., 33 310-338. Academic Press, New York, USA.
52. Hemati S.A., Naseri B., Ganbalani G.N., Dastjerdi H.R. and Golizadeh A. 2012. Effect of different host plants on nutritional indices of the pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera. Journal of Insect Science, 12: 55 available online: insectscience.org/12.55
53. Hemati S.A., Naseri B., Nouri Ganbalani G., Rafiee Dastjerdi H. and Golizadeh A. 2012. Digestive proteolytic and amylolytic activities and feeding responses of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different host plants. Journal of Economic Entomology, 150: 1439-1446.
54. Hemati, S.A., Naseri, B., Razmjo, J. 2013. Reproductive performance and growth indices of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on various host plants. Journal of Crop Protection, 2: 193-208.
55. Horn, D.J. 1988. Ecological approach to pest management. Elsevier Applied Science. 285 pp.
56- Horner, T.A., Dively, G.P. 2003. Effect of MON810 Bt field corn on Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) cannibalism and its implications to resistance development. Journal of Economic Entomology, 96: 931-934.
57. Huang, Y.B. and Chi, H. 2012. Age-stage, two-sex life tables of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) with a discussion on the problem of applying female age-specific life tables to insect populations. Insect Science, 19: 263-273.
58. Hungria, M., Andrade, D.deS., Chueire, L.M.deO., Probanza, A.F.J., Guttierrez-
Manero, M., Megias. 2000. Isolation and characterization of new efficient and competitive
ean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) rhizobia from Brazil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32:
1515-1528.
59. Istock, C.A. 1981. Natural selection and life history variation: Theory plus lessons from a mosquito. Insect Life History Patterns: Habitat and Geographic Variation (eds. R. F. Denno amd H. Dingle), pp. 113–127. Springer-Verlag, New York.
60. Izumi, Y., K. Anniwaer, H., Yoshida, S., Sonoda, K., Fujisaki and H., Tsumuki. 2005. Comparison of cold hardiness and sugar content between diapausing and non-diapausing pupae of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Physiological Entomology 30:36–41.
61. Jallow, M.F.A., Matsumura, M. and Suzuki, Y. 2001. Oviposition preference and reproductive performance of Japanese Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 36: 419-426.
62. Jha, R.K., Chi, H. and Tang, L.Ch. 2012. A comparison of artificial diet and hybrid sweet corn for the rearing of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) based on life table characteristics. Environ. Entomol., 41: 30-39.
63. Jinying, P., Xiaojun, D., Jian hua, H., Shihai, J., Xuexia, M. and Yongping, H. 2004. Role of salicylic acid in tomato defense against cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner. Zeitscrift fur Natur forschung Section C. Biosciences, 59: 856-862.
64. Johnson, K.S. and Rabosky, D. 2000. Phylogenetic distribution of cysteine proteinases in beetes: evidence for an evolutionary shift to an alkaline digestive strategy in Cerambycidae. Comparative Biochemistry and physiology. 126B: 609-619.
65. Jongsma, M.A., Bakker, P.L., Peters, J., Bosch, D. and Stiekema, W.J. 1995. Adapation of spodoptera exigua larvae to plant proteinase inhibitors by induction of gut proteinase activity insensitive to inhibition. Proceedins of National Academy of Sciences, 92: 8041-8045.
66. Jongsma, M.A. and Bolter, C. 1997. The adaptation of insect to plant protease inhibitors. Journal of Insect Physiology, 43: 885-896.
67. Karimi, S., Fathipour, Y., Talebi, AA. and Naseri, B. 2011. Effect of different canola cultivars on life history traits of Helicoverpa armigera (Lep: Noctuidae). Global Conference on Entomology. Chiang Mai, Thailand.
68. Kashyap, R.K., Verma, A.N. 1987. Factors imparting resistance to fruit damage by Heliothis armigera (Hübner) in some tomato phenotypes. Insect Science and Its Application, 8: 111–114.
69. Kim, D.S. and Lee, J.H. 2002. Egg and larval survivorship of carposina sasakii (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) in apple and peach and their effects on adult population dynamics on orchards. environmental entomology, 31: 686-692.
70. Kotkar, H.M., Sarate, P.J., Tamhane, V.A., Gupta, V.S., Giri, A.P. 2009. Responses of midgut amylases of Helicoverpa armigera to feeding on various host plants. Journal of Insect Physiology, 55: 663-670.
71. Kulkarni, U.S., Gawande, R.B., Kulkarni, S.S. and Yadgirwar, P.V. 2004. Comparative studies on the biology of Helicoverpa armigera on different food substrates. Journal of Soils and Crops. 14: 207-208.
72. Lee, J.H., Elliott, N.C. 1998. Comparison of developmental responses to temperature in Aphelinus asychis (Walker) from two different geographic regions. Southwestern Entomologist, 23: 77-82.
73. Leslie, P.H. (1945). On the use of matrices in certain population mathematics. Biometrika, 33: 183-212.
74. Lewis, E.G. (1942). On the generation and growth of a population. Sankhya, 6: 93-96.
75. Lewontin, R.C. 1965. Selection for colonizing ability In: "The Genetic of Colonizing Species", Baker, H. G. and Stebbins (Eds). Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 22-29.
76. Liu, Z., Li, D., Gong, P.Y. and Wu, K.J. 2004. Life table studies of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on different host plants. Environmental Entomology, 33: 1570-1576.
77. Lotka, A.J. (1907). Studies on the mode of growth of material aggregates. American Journal of science, 24: 199-216
78. Lokar, M.K., Rahoo, G.M., Rind, A.W. 1993. Effect of food plants on the development of cutworm species, Heliothis armigera (Hubner) and Spodoptera litura F., Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology. 13: 225-233.
79. McGhie, T.K., Christeller, J.T., Ford, R., Allsopp, P.G. 1995. Characterization of midgut proteinase activities of white grubs: Lepidiotanoxia, Lepidiotanegatoria, and Antitrogusconsanguineus (Scarabaeidae, Melolonthini). Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 28: 351-363.
80. Martinez-Villar, E., Saenz-de-Cabezon, F.J., Moreno-Gri-jalla, M., Marco, V. & Perez-Moreno, I. 2005. Effects of azadirachtin on the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari:Tetranychidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 35: 215-22.
81. Manjunath, T.M., Bhatnagar, V.S., Pawar, C.S., Sithanantham, S. 1985. Economic importance of Heliothis spp. in India and an assessment of their natural enemies and host plants. Proceedings of the Workshop on Biological Control of Heliothis, ICSRISAT. Nov., 11-15.
82. Mendiola-Olaya, E., Valencia-Jimenez, A., Valdes-Rodriguez, S., Delano-Frier, J., Blanco-Labra, A. 2000. Digestive amylase from the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncates. Horn. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B, 126: 425-433.
83. Mironidis, G.K., Savopoulou-Soultani, M. 2008. Development, survivorship and reproduction of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) under constant and alternating temperatures. Environmental Entomology, 37: 16-28.
84. Moral Garcia, F.J. 2006. Analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in a tomato fields using a stochastic approach. Biosystems Engineering,93: 253-259.
85. Mustafa, G., Nasreen, A., Ashfaq, M., Saleem, M.A. 2004. Natural mortality of Helicoverpa armigera on cotton. Pakistan Entomologist, 26: 5-8.
86. Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayes, P.A., Rodwell, V.W. 2003. Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, 26th edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, 693 pp.
87. Nation, J.L. 2002. Insect Physiology and Biochemistry. CRC Press. US.
88- Naresh, J.S., Malik, V.S. 1986. Observations on the insect pests of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Haryana. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 27: 75-77.
89. Naseri, B., Fathipour, Y., Moharramipour, S., Hosseininaveh, V. 2009. Comparative life history and fecundity of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different soybean varieties. Entomological Science, 12: 147-154.
90. Naseri, B., Fathipour, Y., Moharramipour, S., Hosseininaveh, V., Gatehouse, A. 2010. Digestive proteolytic and amylolytic activities of Helicoverpa armigera in response to feeding on different soybean cultivars. Pest Management Science, 66: 1316-1323.
91. Naseri, B., Fathipour, Y., Moharramipour, S. and Hosseininaveh, V. 2011. Comparative reproductive performance of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) reared on thirteen soybean varieties. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 13: 17-26.
92. Naseri, B., Razmjou, J. 2013. Effect of artificial diets containing different maize hybrids powdered seeds on digestive proteolytic and amylolytic activities and nutritional responses of Helicoverpa armigera (Lep.: Noctuidae). Applied Entomology and Phytopathology(صفحات را متوجه نشدم)
93. Nemati Kalkhoran, M., Naseri, B., Rahimi Namin, F., Kohi, D. 2013. Life table parameters and digestive enzymes activity of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different tomato cultivars. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, (In Press).
94. Painter, R.H. 1951. Insect resistance in grop plants. Mac Millan. 520pp.
95. Panda, N. and Khush, G. S. 1995. Host plant resistance to insect. CAB International, 431 pp.
96. Patal, C.C. and Koshyia, D.J. 1997. Life table and innate capacity of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübncor) on pearl millet. Indian Journal of Entomology, 59: 389-395.
97. Papadopoulos, N.T., Katsoyannos, B.I., Carey, J.R. 2002. Demographic parameters of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) reared in apples. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 95: 564-569.
98. Patal, C.C., Koshyia, D.J. 1997. Life table and innate capacity of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübncor) on pearl millet. Indian Journal of Entomology, 59: 389-395.
99. Patankars, A.G., Giri, A.P., Harsulkar, A.M., Sainani, M.N., Deshpande, V.V., Ranjekar, et al. 2001. Complexity in specificities and expression of Helicoverpa armigera gut proteases explains polyphagous nature of the insect pest. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 31: 453-464.
100. Price, N.C., Stevens, L. 2000. Fundamentals of enzymology, The cell and molecular biology of catalytic proteins. Oxford University Press. USA. 471 pp.
101. Raheja, A.K. 1996. IPM research and development in India: progress and priorities. In recent advances in Indian entomology (Ed. O.P.Lal). APC Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp.115-126.
102. Rahimi Namin, F., Naseri, B., Razmjou, J. 2013. Nutritional performance and activity of some digestive enzymes of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera: response to bean cultivars. Journal of Insect Science, (In Press).
103. Razmjou, J., Moharramipour S., Fathipour Y., Mirhoseini SZ. 2006. Effect of cotton cultivar on performance of Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Iran. Journal of Economic Entomology, 99: 1820–1825.
104. Reagan, T.E., Ostheiner, E.A., Rodrigues,L.M., Woolwing,A.E., Schexnayder, H.p. 1997. Assessment of varietal resistance to sugarcane borer. Res. Annu. Prog. Rep, 266 pp.
105. Reddy, K.S., Rao, G.R., Rao, P.A., Rajasekhar, P. 2004. Life table studies of the capitulum borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) infesting sunflower. Journal of Entomological Research, 28: 13-18.
106. Reed, W., Pawar, C.S. 1982. Heliothis: a global problem. In: Reed, W. and umble, V. (Eds). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Heliothis Management. pp. 9–14. Pantanchera, India, ICRISAT.
107. Richard, O.W. 1961. The theoretical and practical study of natural insect populations. Annual Review of Entomology, 6: 147-162.
108. Roy, M., Brodeur J., Cloutier, C. 2003. Effect of temperature on intenesic rate of natural increase (rm) of a coccinellid and its spidermite prey. BioControl, 48: 57-72
109. Sarfraz, M., Dosdall, L.M., Keddie, B.A. 2006.Diamondback moth-host plant interactions: Implications for pest management. Crop Protection, 25: 625-636.
110. Saour, G., Causse, R. 1996. Feeding behavior of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on tomatoes. Journal of Applied Entomology, 120: 87-92.
111. Scriber, J.M., Slansky, F. 1981. The nutritional ecology of immature insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 26: 183-211.
112. Shukla, S., Arora, R., Sharma, H.C. 2005. Biological activity of soybean trypsin inhibitor and plant lectins against cotton bollworm/legume pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera. Plant Biotechnology, 22: 1-6.
113. Shorey, H.H., Hale, R.L.1965. Mass-rearing of the larvae of nine noctuid species on a simple artificial medium. Journal of Economic Entomology, 58: 522-524.
114. Simmons, A. T., Gurr, G. M., Mc Grath, D., Martin, P. M. and Nicol H. I. 2004. Entrapment of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on glandular trichomes of lycopersicon species. Australian Journal of Entomology. 43: 196-200.
115. Simpson, S.J., Simmonds, M.S.J., Blaney, W.M. 1988. A comparison of dietary selection behaviour in larval Locusta migratoria and Spodoptera littoralis. Physiological Entomology, 13: 225–238.
116- Singh, O.P., Parihar, S.B.B. 1988. Effect of different hosts on the development of Heliothis armigera Hub. Bulletin of Entomology, 29: 168-172.
117. Singh, D., Narang, D.D. 1990. Control of tomato fruitborer, Heliothis armigera with synthetic pyrethroids. Indian Journal of Entomology, 29: 168-172.
118. Singh, A.K. and Mullick, S. 1997. Effect of leguminous plants on the growth and development of gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera. Indian Journal of Entomology, 59: 209-214.
119. Sison, M.L.J., Shanower, T.G. 1994. Development and survival of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on short duration pigeon pea. Journal of Economic Entomology, 32: 1749-1753.
120. Snodgrass, R. E. 1935. Principles of insect Morphology. Mc Graw-Hill London, New York.
121. Southwood, T.R.E., Henderson, P.A. 2000. Ecological methods. 3th edition. Blackwell Sciences, Oxford.
122. Talekar, N.S., Opena, R.T. and Hanson, P. 2006. Helicoverpa armigera management: A review of AVRDCs research on host plant resistance in tomato. Crop Protection, 25: 461-467.
123. Telang, M.A., Giri, A.P., Sainani, M.N.,Gupta, V.S. 2005. Characterization of two midgut proteinases of Helicoverpa armigera and their interaction with proteinase inhibitors. Journal of Iinsect Physiology, 51: 513-522.
124. Terra, W.R., Ferreira, C. 1994. Insect digestive enzymes: properties, compartmentaliztion and function. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 109: 1-62.
125. Thomas, J.C. Wasmann, C.C., Echt, R.L., Ourn. H.J. and McCoy, T.J. 1994. Introduction and expression of an insect proteinase innibitor in alfalfa (Medicagosativa). Plant Cell Reports, 14: 31-36.
126. Umbanhowar, J. and Hasting, A. 2002. The impact of resource limitation and phenology of parasitoid attack on the duration of insect herbivore outbreaks. Theoret. Popul. Biol., 62: 259-269.
127. Van Lenteren, J.C., Noldus, L.P.J.J. 1990. Whitefly-plant relat ionship: behavioral
nd biological aspects. pp. 47-89 in Gerling, D. (Ed) Whitefly: Their Bionomics, Pest
Status and Management. Intercept, Andover, U.K.
128. Wakil, W., Ashfaq, M., Afzal, M., Riasat, T. 2009. Integrated management of Helicoverpa armigera in chickpea in rainfed areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Phytoparasitica, 37: 415-420.
129. Waldbauer, G.P. 1968. The consumption and utilizat ion of food by insects.
Advances in Insect Physiology, 5: 229-288.
130. Wang, C.Z., Zha, L.W., Yang, Q.H. 1997. Research on the relationship between larval feeding behavior of cotton bollworm and distribution of harmful allelochemicals in cotton. Acta Entomolgica Sinica, 40: 55-60.
131. Wolfenbarger, A., Vargas-Camplis, J. 1997. Tobacco budworm response to pyrethroid insecticides in the Winrter Garden Area and in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Resistant Pest Management, 9: 39-42.
132. Yu, J.Z., Chi, H. and Chen, B.H. 2005. Life table and predation of Lemnia biplagiata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed on Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) with a proof on relationship among gross reproduction rate, net reproduction rate and pre-adult survivorship. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 98: 475-482.
133. Zalucki, M.P., Murray, D.H.A., Gregg, P.C., Fitt G.P., Twine, P.H. and Jones, C. 1994. Ecology of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and H. punctigera (Wallengren) in the Inland of Australia: larval sampling and host plant relationships during winter and spring. spring. Australian Journal of Zoology , 42: 329-346.
134. Zengguang, Y., Yunhua, Y., Chenzhu, W. 2005. Attractiveness of tobacco volatiles induced by Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa assulta to Campoletis chlorideae. Chinese Science Bulletin, 50: 1334-1341.
135. Zhudong, L., Dianmo, L., Peiyu, G. and Kunjun, W. (2004). Life table studies of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on different host plants. Environmental Entomology. 33: 1570-1576.
.